Domanda 2)
L’ipotesi nulla dell’omogeneita’ e’ che IRR adjusted sia uguale 1, cioe’ IRR esposti/IRR non esposti = 1, cioe’ che l’esposizione e’ indipendente dalla malattia dato il confondente, rendendo stastisticamente ininfluente l’effetto dell’eta’.
Se rifiuto Ho, non posso procedure alla sintesi e quindi per ogni classe di eta’ mostero’ il singolo IRR
p-value > 0.05 mi dice che questo valore mi autoriizza il valore aggiustato di M.H quindi non rifiuto l’ipotesi di omogeneita’ eta’ strato-specifica, quindi procedo con la sintesi.
L’eta’ e’ un fattore confondente perche la differenza tra media grezza e media peseta / media grezza e’ maggiore di 0.1
Pero’ e’ un fattore confondente positivo perche’ la media grezza e’ maggiore della peseta (il fattore confondente sovrastima l’associzione), ma e’ parziale perche’ la media peseta e’ significativamente diversa da 1 e il suo intervallo di confidenza che non comprende 1.
Quindi rimuovendo l’effetto dell’eta’ l-associazione non sparisce rimane l’effetto dell’esposizione, infatti il confondimento e’ parziale non totale (vicino a 1).
Domanda 3)
Utilizzo la regression di poisson perche’ ci sono gli anni-persona.
Poisson si usa quando si hanno i tassi, il tasso e’ il numero di eventi all’interno di ciascun gruppo diviso l’ammontare degli anni persona.
Gli anni persona ci permettono di costruire il tasso perche’ rappresentano una misura di intensita’ e velocita’, velocita’ con cui si manifestano gli eventi nel tempo.
Il coefficiente e’ cons cioe’ Bo cioe’ l’intercetta -3.39, e se facciamo e^B0 abbiamo il tasso di incidenza che e’ 0.033
Domanda 6)
Si usa eform cioe’ exponential form. Quindi il nostro IRR e’ 2.36 che e’ la misura di effetto aggiustata per eta’, e’ il nostro exp aggiusted incidence rate ratio. Lo avevamo gia’ calcolato in precedenza al punto 2.
Domanda 8)
Per ogni anno di eta’ in piu’ il tasso aumenta del 3.5%. Perche’ e’ un modello moltiplicativo non lineare.
Domanda 12)
La deviance 101.4094718 senza l’interazione, inserendo il termine di interazione la devianza diminuisce perche’ aggiungo parametric al modello, miglioriamo la capcita’ preventive, miglioriamo l’adattamento del modello ai dati, piu’ la deviance (badness) e’ alta meno il modello si adatta ai dati. Se aggiungiamo piu’ parametri dei termini di interazione la deviance diminuisce e il modello migliora. IL modello piu’ complesso spiega meglio la realta. La varianza delle deviance e’ statisticamente significativa?
Gradi di liberta’ quanti sono I parametric. Di 101.41-98.58(devianza al punto 9), e’ la differenza tra le 2 devianze.
Domanda 13)
Questi 3 test (omogeneita’, Wald e Likelihood ratio) sono serviti per confermare l’ipotesi nulla. L’ipotesi nulla e’ che c’e’ l’assenza di modificazione di effetto, cioe’ l’effetto di hp non viene modificato dall’eta’. Non c’e’ interazione equivale a dire che non c’e’ modificazione di effetto. Quando n e’ piccolo Likelihood e’ da preferirsi al test di Wald. E’migliore quando n e’ piccolo, x n grande e’ uguale. In stratificazione c’e’ il test di omogeneita’.
Domanda 14)
L’IRR totale da’ 2.02. Quindi rendendo statisticamente ininfluenti l’effetto di tutti I possibili fattori confondenti, I soggetti con HP hanno un rischio doppio a quelli senza HP.
Domanda 15)
- Prima vi fate stimare il conteggio atteso
- Poi vi fate stimare una quantita’ che misura l’errore del modello
- Poi il tasso atteso / anni-persona
- Plottiamo I termini di errore del modello, che sono le devianze cioe’ residui di devianze; le plottiamo in funzione del tasso atteso. Dobbiamo sincerarci che I dati siano intorno allo 0, e quindi assenza di andamenti sistematici, se ci sono andamenti sistematici, tipo l’omissione di variabili rilevanti oppure ho inserito delle relazioni lineari che non lo erano, biosgnava inserire delle quadratiche cubiche, ecc. E poi vediamo quandi I gruppi sono sopra 2 o sotto -2… nel nostro caso sono pochi I gruppi che eccedono queste soglie (3 o 4). I residui sono ragionevolmente distribuiti attorno allo 0. Possiamo concludere che l’adattamento del modello ai dati e’ soddisfacente. Non ci sono quindi relazione sistematiche che potrebbero evidenziare un modello sbagliato.
Wednesday, December 16, 2009
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